PHR / SPHR 人力资源认证练习

PHR is the Professional in Human Resources certification offered by HRCI. The other expansions are not official terms.

SPHR is the Senior Professional in Human Resources certification for experienced HR leaders. It focuses on strategy and policy.

HR strategy connects people practices to organizational goals. It is broader than handbooks, payroll, or temporary hiring.

SWOT is a planning tool that reviews strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The other letter sets do not define SWOT.

A mission statement explains why the organization exists and what it aims to do. It is not a salary list, schedule, or ad.

A vision statement describes the future the organization wants to create. It is not a staff list, payroll, or calendar.

Workforce planning forecasts talent needs and develops plans to close gaps. It is not vacation scheduling, bonuses, or ads alone.

Job analysis identifies duties, responsibilities, and qualifications for a role. It supports job descriptions, selection, and pay decisions.

A job description summarizes duties, responsibilities, and qualifications. It is not a review form, payroll report, or budget.

Succession planning identifies and develops successors for critical roles. It is not termination, posting, or market surveys.

A skill gap is the difference between the skills needed and those available. Training and hiring address the gap.

A recruiting plan defines sourcing, selection, and hiring steps. It is not pay, training, or benefits documents.

HR metrics quantify outcomes such as turnover, time to fill, and training hours. They are not complaints, policies, or questions.

A KPI is a key performance indicator used to evaluate success. It is not a process index, profile, or pay grade.

Onboarding helps new employees learn the organization, their role, and expectations. It is broader than background checks or payroll.

A training needs analysis identifies what skills employees need and what they currently have. Venue, payment, and scheduling come later.

ADDIE is an instructional design model: analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate. The other sets are not ADDIE.

An LMS hosts courses and tracks completion. It is not payroll, recruiting, or benefits administration.

Mentoring pairs experienced staff with less experienced employees for guidance. It is not discipline, bonuses, or rotation.

Coaching uses feedback and practice to improve performance. It is not punishment, job descriptions, or salary reviews.

360-degree feedback gathers input from multiple sources around the employee. It is not customer-only, salary, or single-rater feedback.

Career pathing shows employees possible routes for growth. It is not termination, exits, or ads.

Employee development builds competencies for growth. Overtime, background checks, and benefits are different HR functions.

A competency model describes the knowledge, skills, and behaviors needed for roles. It is not pay, a board, or a budget.

E-learning uses online platforms for training. It complements classroom and hands-on methods but is not limited to them.

A development plan lists goals, actions, and timelines for employee growth. It is not discipline, recruiting, or pay budgeting.

Base pay is the fixed amount an employee earns. Bonuses, stock, and overtime are additional forms of pay.

Variable pay depends on individual, team, or company results, such as bonuses or commissions. Base pay is fixed.

Merit increases reward individual performance. Across-the-board raises and COLA are different from merit pay.

Job evaluation ranks jobs by value to set internal pay equity. It is not interviewing, training evaluation, or safety.

Pay equity means comparable work receives comparable pay, reducing discrimination. It is broader than identical titles or sameness.

Compensation market surveys compare salaries against competitors or benchmarks. They are not satisfaction, skills, or safety surveys.

Benefits are indirect compensation such as health insurance, retirement, and paid leave. Bonuses and base pay are cash compensation.

Health insurance covers medical costs. Retirement plans, bonuses, and vacation are separate benefits.

Retirement plans such as 401(k)s help employees save for retirement. HSAs, severance, and training funds serve different purposes.

Overtime compensates eligible employees for hours beyond the standard threshold. It is not vacation, holiday, or retention pay.

Total compensation includes base pay, variable pay, and benefits. It gives the full value of the reward package.

A pay band defines the minimum and maximum salary for a level. It is not a deduction, pool, or commission.

Engagement reflects employees connection to their work and organization. It is not headcount, salary, or budget.

Turnover is the rate at which employees leave and are replaced. Hiring is the inflow, not turnover.

Retention measures how well the organization keeps employees. Recruitment brings people in; retention keeps them.

An exit interview gathers feedback from departing employees. It is not hiring, discipline, or performance review.

A grievance is a formal complaint, often about working conditions or contract issues. It is not an offer, raise, or training request.

A collective bargaining agreement is negotiated between the employer and union. It is not an offer, brochure, or policy.

A strike is an organized work stoppage to pressure the employer during negotiations. It is not a picnic, event, or training.

OSHA is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It is not a retirement plan, recruiter, or survey.

Harassment is unwelcome conduct based on protected characteristics or of a sexual nature. It is not discipline, scheduling, or leave.

A whistleblower reports illegal or unethical behavior. Laws protect them from retaliation.

An employee handbook communicates policies, expectations, and benefits. It is not pay, training, or recruiting documents.

Progressive discipline uses steps such as verbal warning, written warning, and suspension before termination. It is not immediate firing, pay, or bonuses.

FLSA is the Fair Labor Standards Act, which sets minimum wage and overtime rules. FMLA is family leave and ADA is disability.

FMLA is the Family and Medical Leave Act, providing unpaid leave for eligible employees. It is not wage, retirement, or safety law.

ADA is the Americans with Disabilities Act, requiring reasonable accommodation and nondiscrimination. It is not a plan, system, or platform.

EEO stands for equal employment opportunity, preventing discrimination in hiring and employment. The other expansions are not standard.

Reasonable accommodation modifies work or the workplace to support people with disabilities. It is not pay, promotion, or perks.

Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual conduct that affects employment or creates a hostile environment. It is not culture, dress, or review.

PHR and SPHR are HRCI certifications, while SHRM-CP and SHRM-SCP are SHRM certifications. All are common HR credentials.

360-degree feedback can include managers, peers, subordinates, and sometimes customers or clients. It gives a broader view of performance.

SPHR requires more HR experience and a stronger strategic focus than PHR. The eligibility requirements are not identical.

Turnover measures leavers, retention measures stayers, absenteeism measures absences, and engagement measures commitment.